Dalam membuat kalimat tidak langsung untuk kalimat tanya, ada satu hal yang mesti kita perhatikan, yaitu bentuk kalimat tanya apakah kalimat tanya dengan jawaban yes/no (yes/no questions) atau kalimat tanya dengan pemakaian bentuk wh (wh questions). Keduanya memiliki aturan yang berbeda antara lain sebagai berikut,
Bentuk if/whether digunakan untuk bentuk kalimat tanya dengan jawaban yes/no (yes/no questions). Contoh : "Are you tired?" she asked >>> She asked if I was tired
Seperti aturan sebelumnya, akan ada perubahan tenses dan kata ganti (tergantung pada introductoty verb yang digunakan)
Bentuk kalimat tanya dengan pemakaian wh (wh questions) terjadi perubahan susunan kata pada kalimat. Contoh : She asked, "What is the time?" >>> She asked what the time was.**
**Perhatikan pada susunan kalimat diatas, bahwa terjadi perubahan susunan kalimat. She asked, "What is the time?" >>> She asked what was the time. She asked, "What is the time?" >>> She asked what the time was. Nah, untuk lebih memahami penjelasan singkat mengenai topik ini, berikut beberapa soal yang bisa dikerjakan sebagai bahan latihan. Semoga bermanfaat. Jangan lupa tuliskan skor di kolom komentar yaa... =======================================================================================
Penggunaan conditional sentence type III adalah merujuk pada bentuk kondisional past, dalam kenyataannya, kejadian tersebut kontradiksi dengan kejadian pada masa lalu (past). Bentuk yang dipakai adalah
If + past perfect, would/ could/ might have + past participle
Contoh :
I would have passed the exam if I had worked harder. (I didn't pass the exam)
If I had had enough time, I would have written to my parents. (I did not have enough time, so I did not write to my parents)
Dalam soal, hal pertama untuk menjawab pertanyaan adalah dengan mengetahui bentuk kalimat pembentuknya. Misalnya saja, klausa if yang diikuti oleh past perfect yang menggunakan rumus had + VIII, kemudian klausa lainnya menggunakan bentuk would/ could. have diikuti oleh bentuk past participle.
Inilah Latihan Soal Conditional Sentence Type III, untuk mempermudah pemahaman Anda mengenai materi ini. Semoga bermanfaat.
Melanjutkan latihan soal kalimat pengandaian tpe pertama yang di posting beberapa saat lalu, kali ini yang ingin saya bagikan adalah latihan soal online conditional sentence type kedua. Conditional sentence type II memiliki bentuk yang berbeda dari bentuk conditional sentence type I baik dari waktu maupun secara rumus.
Secara arti bahwa bentuk conditional sentence tipe II, if clause nya menyatakan fakta yang tidak benar di masa sekarang atau masa akan datang (untrue in the present/ future)
Contoh :
If I had some money now, I would treat all of my classmates. ( kebenarannya adalah I have no money now, so I will not treat all of my classmates; pada saat ini (sekarang) saya tidak memiliki uang, jadi saya tidak akan mentraktir semua teman sekelas.)
If he were here right now, he would help us. (kebenarannya adalah he is not here right now ; ia tidak berada disini)
Conditional Sentence Type II
If he didn't agree, I wouldn't go
You wouldn't leave if he were here*
If we had a car, we could travel more.
We would get wet if we went out.
I would buy this T-shirt if it weren't so expensive.
*Dalam penggunaan If clause type 2, penggunaan subjek I, He, She , It, menggunakan bentuk "Were"
Latihan Soal Conditional Sentence Type II
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Demikian Latihan Soal Online Conditional Sentence Type II. Semoga bermanfaat.
Conditional Sentences dapat disebut juga kalimat bersyarat atau pengandaian. Ada tiga tipe kalimat pengandaian (conditional sentence) yaitu tipe I, tipe II dan tipe III. Ketiganya memiliki bentuk dan fungsi yang berbeda. Pada tulisan ini, secara khusus akan saya sediakan latihan soal conditional sentence tipe I. Tetapi sebelum masuk ke dalam soal latihan, berikut ini ringkas materi tentang conditional sentence tipe I.
Conditional Sentence Type I
Kalimat kondisional Tipe I bisa mencakup tiga bentuk yaitu, bentuk Present tense - future, present tense - present, dan bentuk present tense - imperative sentence. Kita bisa melibatkan modal seperti will atau can dalam bentuk kalimatnya. Untuk lebih memahami, inilah beberapa contoh konteks dan situasi dalam kalimat kondisional tipe I.
If I have lots money, I will go around the world .
If it rains, I drive.
If the man comes, go.
I'm going to the concert if I can get a ticket.
If the phone rings, can you answer it, please?
If I'm late this morning, don't wait for me.
If you see Rijal tomorrow, can you ask him to meet me?
Gerund merupakan bentuk verb-ing dari kata kerja yang difungsikan sebagai kata benda ( noun). Ada bermacam- macam penggunaan dari bentuk gerund seperti bertindak sebagai subjek, gerund sebagai objek, gerund yang diletakkan dalam kata kerja tertentu dan sebagainya. Salah satu penggunaan dari gerund yang sering kita temukan dalam soal bahasa Inggris adalah gerund yang digunakan dibelakang possesive adjective atau possessive Noun. Gerund yang digunakan dalam fungsi tersebut bisa dilihat pada contoh berikut,
I don’t mind your living here.
You know herfeeling sad.
The idea of his selling house doesn’t appeal to his wife.
Ada dua aturan dalam menerapkan bentuk possessive dengan gerund yaitu secara formal English dan secara informal English. Formal English
Soal- soal bentuk gerund ini sering kita temukan dalam soal- soal kedinasan seperti ujian masuk STAN, atau kedinasan yang lain. Mungkin bab ini terlihat sepele akan tetapi satu soal dengan poin soal yang kecilpun sangat berharga.
ilustrasi gambar
Untuk lebih mendalami tentang bentuk gerund ini berikut sudah saya compile latihan soal possessive dengan gerund.
Sistem ujian seleksi masuk (USM) sejak 2018 sudah menggunakan sistem Computer Assisted Test (CAT), pelaksanaan tes menggunakan komputer yang terintegrasi. Moda sistem CAT ini akan meminimalisir bentuk kecurangan dalam tes dan juga lebih transparan pada pelaksanaannya.
PKN STAN
Merujuk pada tahun 2019 lalu, ada tiga tahapan ujian yaitu, Ujian tertulis, Psikotes, dan Ujian kesehatan dan kebugaran. Adapun materi tes tertulis USM PKN STAN terdiri dari tiga tes seleksi utama antara lain,
1. Seleksi Kompetensi Dasar (SKD), 100 soal dengan waktu 90 menit dengan mencakup tiga materi yaitu,
Tes Intelegensi Umum (TIU),
Tes Karakteristik Pribadi (TWK), dan
Tes Wawasan Kebangsaan (TWK).
2. Tes Potensi Akademik (TPA), jumlah soal sebanyak 45 butir dengan durasi waktu 40 menit.
3. Tes Bahasa Inggris (TBI), jumlah 30 soal yang dikerjakan dalam waktu 20 menit.
Para peseta dinyatakan lulus ujian tertulis USM STAN apabila nilai berada diatas ambang batas yang ditentukan. Untuk soal TBI USM PKN STAN, Soal bahasa Inggris terdiri dari 30 (tiga puluh) soal dengan durasi waktu hanya 20 menit terdiri dari materi grammar (structure and written expression) dan reading comprehension. Nilai ambang batas untuk TBI adalah 30 dengan nilai maksimal 120. Nilai TBI, selain TPA dijadikan salah satu dasar pemeringkatan, oleh karena itu usahakan meraih nilai sebanyak dan semaksimal mungkin.
Durasi waktu yang terbatas hanya 20 menit dibandingkan jumlah soal sebanyak 30 soal, berarti adik- adik harus dapat menyelesaikan soal kurang dari 40 detik per soalnya. Strategi yang terbaik adalah menyelesaikan soal grammar (structure and written expression) terlebih dahulu sebelum reading comprehension dengan cepat dan tepat mengingat tipe soal tersebut merupakan grammar praktis yang rumusnya pasti.
Lengkapnya, berikut ini penjabaran tentang materi tes bahasa Inggris USM PKN STAN,
#1. Structure and Written Expression
Bentuk soal structure and written expression membutuhkan penguasaan grammar yang baik. Soal structure and written expression ditujukan untuk menguji kemampuan adik- adik dalam mengenali formal written English.
Seperti yang kita ketahui, bahwa beberapa hal dapat diterima dalam bahasa Inggris lisan (spoken English), namun tidak dapat diterima dalam bahasa Inggris tertulis (formal written English). Soal tipe seperti ini mengharuskan kita untuk memilih cara yang tepat dalam setiap kalimat yang dinyatakan dalam setiap pertanyaan.
Masih seperti sebelumnya, topik yang harus dikuasai adalah tentang Gerund, Parallel Construction, Direct and Indirect Speech, Concord atau agreement, Degree of Comparison, Tenses, Participle, Clause, Causative, Subjunctive, Conditional Sentence, Elliptical sentence, Question Tag, dan materi grammar lainnya. Untuk materi dan latihan soal sudah saya lengkapi pada blog ini. silahkan adik- adik latih kemampuan grammar nya dengan klik menu TBI PKN STAN.
Berikut contoh soal structure and written expression USM PKN STAN tahun 2017,
James Dawson, ..., finally became vice president off the company in 1989. A. was an administration officer in 1972 B. he was an administration officer in 1972 C. an administration officer in 1972 D. whose an administration officer in 1972
Menyelesaikan bentuk soal structure and written expression membutuhkan kejelian dan ketepatan serta pemahaman grammar yang baik. Maka, alangkah baiknya bila sedari dini materi ini dipelajari terlebih dahulu. Ingat, bahwa frekuensi latihan akan memberikan dampak yang nyata terhadap hasil. Seperti halnya pada soal diatas, materi soal tersebut sangat jarang didapatkan saat melalui bangku sekolah akan tetapi materi ini lazim digunakan pada mmateri- materi soal ujian bahasa Inggris seperti TOEFL.
Soal teks untuk reading comprehension dalam soal- soal USM PKN STAN biasanya diambil dari berbagai sumber baik website maupun sumber lain misalnya jurnal ilmiah. Strategi menyelesaikannya sama dengan soal- soal reading lainnya yang mencakup :
Menentukan Main Idea
Dalam setiap pertanyaan reading, soal yang paling sering muncul adalah tentang menentukan ide utama dalam teks. Main idea/ ide utama merupakan ide yang paling penting dalam sebuah teks atau tentang apakah teks tersebut. Setiap teks memiliki ide utama subordinate. ide utama lebih umum dari supporting ide atau detail dalam sebuah bagian teks.
Ide utama kadang muncul di awal paragraf akan tetapi bisa juga muncul di tengah atau akhir paragraf.
Ketika ide utama dalam sebuah teks itu tidak jelas karena setiap paragraf memiliki poin utama yang berbeda, maka pertanyaan seputar topik utama akan biasa muncul. Berikut ini contoh dari pertanyaan menentukan ide utama,
What is the main idea of the passage?
What is the main idea expressed in the passage?
What does the passage mainly discuss?
With what topic is the passage mainly concerned?
The main topic of the passage is ....
Pertanyaan Detail
Pertanyaan detail (detail questions) menanyakan tentang informasi spesifik dalam sebuah teks. Detail questions biasanya dimulai dengan pertanyaan,
According to the passage, ....
Ada dua jenis pertanyaan detail yaitu
Pertanyaan detail (Stated Details Questions)
Tipe pertanyaan ini menanyakan tentang detail pertanyaan dalam teks. beberapa pertanyaan yang menyatakan pertanyaan ini adalah seperti,
According to the passage ....
It is stated in the passage ....
The passage indicates that ....
Which of the following is true...?
Pertanyaan Unstated Details
Tipe pertanyaan ini menanyakan tentang pernyataan apa yang tidak benar dalam teks. Biasanya pertanyaan ini menggunakan kata NOT atau EXCEPT dalam huruf kapital. Contoh pertanyaan yang sering muncul adalah sebagai berikut,
Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?
According to the passage, all of the following are true, EXCEPT....
Which one is NOT TRUE ...
Pertanyaan Reference dan Vocabulary
Pertanyaan reference menanyakan tentang kata- kata rujukan dalam teks, seperti kata ganti (pronoun) "they" "them","it", dll. Pertanyaan Inference
Pertanyaan inference bisa dikatakan sebagai pertanyaan dengan jawaan yang sulit dalam soal reading. Jawaban atas pertanyaan ini tidak langsung dinyatakan dalam paragraf teks akan tetapi bisa saja secara tersirat. Berikut ini contoh pertanyaan reference,
Which of the following can be inferred about...?
What can be inferred from the passage?
From the passage it can be inferred that ....
The passage implies that ....
The author implies that ....
The passage suggests that ....
It is most probable that ....
Untuk menjawab pertanyaan inference, kita mesti menyimpulkan fakta- fakta yang dinyatakan dalam teks.
Pertanyaan tujuan penulis (Questions on Main Purpose)
Model perrnyataan ini adalah menanyakan tujuan penulis menulis teks ini. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan ini, kita bisa menuliskan konklusi yang diambil dari ide utama dan detail- detail informasi tertentu dari teks. Berikut beberapa contoh pertanyaan seputar tujuan penulis.
What is the author's main purpose in the passage?
The author's purpose in writing is to ...
Why did the author write the passage?
Untuk lebih lengkap mengenai strategi menjawab soal reading comprehension TBI PKN STAN, sudah saya tulis ulasan pembahasan plus contoh soal terapannya melalui posting sebelumnya. Silahkan klik pada link artikel berikut ini,
Sebagai referensi belajar, adik -adik bisa menggunakan buku- buku TOEFL berikut. Buku- buku tersebut saya pandang tepat karena ulasan materi yang singkat dan jelas serta mudah didapatkan. Sebagai tambahan, buku- buku tersebut juga saya gunakan untuk mengajar pendampingan siswa masuk PKN STAN maupun mengajar persiapan ujian TOEFL.
1. Cliffs TOEFL, Preparation Guide by Michael A Pyle, M.A and Mary Ellen Munoz Page, M.A.
Meskipun buku ini merupakan buku untuk persiapan TOEFL, namun materi- materi, rumus, dan latihan soal relevan dengan materi- materi yang sering muncul dalam soal. Pembahasan per bab atau materi lumayan jelas, singkat dan padat.
2. Longman Complete Course for the TOEFL Test by Deborah Philips
Hampir sama dengan buku sebelumnya, buku ini juga buku persiapan untuk TOEFL. Buku ini sangat lengkap membahas tips tips mengerjakan soal, bentuk- bentuk latihan soal dan penyelesaian khususnya soal grammar baik tipe structure and written expression maupun tipe error analysis.
Buku TOEFL Longman
3. Understanding and Using English Grammar by Betty Schrampfer Azar
Buku ini sangat lengkap membahas grammar, disertai dengan rumus yang praktis serta latihan- latihan yang lengkap tentang materi Grammar. Untuk saat ini juga tersedia versi terbitan bahasa Indonesia sehingga memudahkan untuk belajar.
Mau latihan soal TBI USM PKN STAN ? Klik tautan berikut ya,,,
Soal Tes Bahasa Inggris PKN STAN terdiri dari soal structure dan reading comprehension (dari pengalaman tahun sebelumnya). Soal structure bahasa Inggris merupakan soal yang unik, karena memang harus mengenali tipikal soal berdasarkan bentuk grammatikalnya. Kebanyakan materi-materi structure grammar yang keluar belum diajarkan di sekolah. Sedangkan pada soal reading comprehension teks diambil dari jurnal- jurnal ilmiah atau artikel tertentu yang relevan. Tingkat kesulitan dalam soal reading lebih ke tingkat medium, tidak terlalu mudah juga tidak sesulit soal tes seperti soal UTBK bahasa Inggris atau TOEFL.
Teks- teks soal reading comprehension banyak memunculkan kosakata- kosakata baru sehingga, salah satu cara adalah perbanyak latihan dan menggunakan strategi jitu untuk menyelesaikannya. Adik- adik bisa melihat pada tulisan saya sebelumnya tentang strategi dan pembahasan soal reading TBI PKN STAN tentang pembahasan dan cara menyelesaikan serta mengenali tipikal soal reading tes bahasa Inggris PKN STAN. Pada bagian ini, merupakan latihan soal reading comprehension soal TBI PKN STAN untuk menerapkan catatan pada tulisan sebelumnya tersebut.
Nah, langsung saja, berikut latihan soal- soalnya.
Text 1
Supernovas are the most powerful and spectacular outbursts known in nature. What is called a Type II supernova is due to the collapse of a massive star, at least eight times as massive as the sun, that has used up its main nuclear fuel and produced a nickel-iron core. When this core can no longer support the pressure of the star’s outer layers, it collapses to form a neutron star of immense density. Over 2,500 million tons of neutron star material could be packed into a matchbox. Its temperature is around 100.000 million degrees centigrade. Multitudes of neutrons are produced in the collapsed star, which pass directly through the start into space, and this release of neutrons causes the core to respond with a shock wave that moves outward. When it meets the material that is falling inward, the result is a catastrophic only a small, incredibly dense remnant that may be a neutron star or, in extreme cases, a black hole.
A supernova is often more than 500 million times as luminous as the sun. A supernova remnant (SNR) may be detectable as a pulsar, an example of which is the Crab Nebula, known to be a remnant of the supernova observed in the year 1054. The 1987 supernova in the Large Cloud of Magellan had a low peak luminosity by supernova standards, only about 250 million times that of the sun. At its brightest the supernova shone as a star between magnitudes 2 and 3, even though it was 170,000 light-years away.
1. What is the main topic of the passage?
A. The formation and power of a supernova
B. The heat of Supernova
C. The role of shock waves in a supernova
D. The density of a neuron star
2. According to the passage which of the following is not TRUE about the 1987 SUPERNOVA?
A. It was situated in the Large Cloud of Magellan
B. It was 170,000 light-years away
C. It shone as a star between magnitudes 3 and 4
D. It had a low peak luminosity
3. The word "it" in line 8 refers to ....
A. A shock wave
B. neutron star
C. core of the collapsed star
D. catastrophic explosion
4. The word "detectable" in paragraph 2 has the closest meaning to ....
A. assumed
B. known
C. perceptible
D. audible
5. The author of this passage is most likely ....
A. a botanist
B. an economist
C. an astronomer
D. a mathematics
Text 2
Today's car are smaller, safer, cleaner, and more economical than their predecessors, but the car of the future will be far more pollution-free than those on the road today. Several new types of automobile engines have already been developed that run on alternative sources of power, such as electricity, compressed natural gas, methanol, steam, hydrogen, and propane. Electricity, however, is the only zero emission option presently available. Although electric vehicles will not be truly practical until a powerful, compact battery or other dependable source of current is available, transportation experts foresee a new assortment of electric vehicle entering everyday life; shorter-range commuter electric cars, three-wheeled neighborhood cars, electric delivery vans, bikes, and trolleys.
As automakers work to develop practical electrical vehicles, urban planners and utility engineers are focusing on infrastructure systems to support and make the use of the new cars. Public charging facilities will need to be as common as today's gas stations. Public parking spots on the street or the in commercial lots will need to be equipped with devices that allow drivers to charge their batteries while they shop, dine, or attend a concert. To encourage the use of electric vehicles, the most convenient parking in transportation centers might be reserved for electric cars.
Planners foresee electric shuttle buses, trains, buses, and neighborhood vehicles all meeting at transit centers that would have facilities for charging and renting. Commutes will be able to rent a variety of electric cars to suit their needs: light trucks, one-person three-wheeler, small cars, or electric/gasoline hybrid cars for longer trips, which will no doubt take place on automated freeways capable of handling five minutes times number of vehicles that can be carried by a freeway today.
6. What is the author's purpose of the passage?
A. to criticize the conventional vehicle
B. to support the invention of electric cars
C. to persuade the readers to use electric cars
D. to describe possibilities for transportation in the future
7. The passage would most likely be followed by details about ....
A. automated freeways
B. pollution restrictions in the future
C. the neighborhood of the future
D. electric shuttle bus
8. In the second paragraph the author implies that ....
A. a dependable source of electric energy will eventually be developed
B. everyday life will stay much the same in the future
C. a single electric vehicle will eventually replace several modes of transportation
D. electric vehicles are not practical for the future
9. In the fourth paragraph, the word "foresee" could be best replaced with ....
A. count on
B. rely on
C. imagine
D. invent
10. This passage would most likely be found in a ....
A. medical journal
B. history book
C. popular psychology periodical
D. textbook on urban planning
11. According to the passage, public parking lots of the future will be ....
A. more convenient than they are today
B. equipped with charging devices
C. much larger than now
D. as common as today's gas stations
12. The following electrical vehicles are all mentioned in the passage EXCEPT, ....
A. vans
B. planes
C. trains
D. trolleys
Text 3
As computers have become powerful tools for rapid and economic of production of picture, computer graphics has emerged as one of the most rapidly growing fields in computers science. It such used routinely in such diverse areas as business, industry, government, research, training, and medicine.
One of of the initial uses of computer graphics and ultimately its greatest use, been as an aid to design, generally referred to as computer – aided design (CAD). One of its greatest advantages is that designers can see how an object will lock after construction and make changes freely and much more quickly than with hands drafting. For three-dimensional rendering of machine parts, engineers rely heavily on CAD. Automobile, spacecraft, aerospace, and ship designers use CAD techniques to design vehicles and test their performance. Building designs are also created with computer graphics systems. Architect can design a building layout create a three-dimensional model, and even go for simulated “walk” through the rooms or around the outside of the building.
Business graphics is another rapidly growing are of computer graphics, where it is to create graphs, charts, and cost models summarize financial, statistical, mathematical, scientific, and economic data. As an education aid, computer also has creative and commercial art applications, where it is used in advertising, publishing and film productions, particularly for computer animation, which is achieved by a sequential process.
13. What does the passage mainly talk about?
A. Computer graphics applications
B. Routines uses of computers
C. The rapidly growing field of computer science
D. Computers as the architects of the future
14. According to the passage, architects use CAD to....
A. inspect building
B. create graphs
C. make cartographic materials
D. create three-dimensional models
15. The word "it" in line 2 refers to....
A. computer graphics
B. computer science
C. field
D. computers
16. The word "applications" in paragraph 3 means ....
A. uses
B. jobs
C. creativity
D. layers
Text 4
Research has indicated that dyslexia has biological origin,and most investigators now suspect that dyslexic children read poorly as a result of highly specific language problem,sometimes called "phonological unawareness". Dyslexic children cannot easily learn to read because they have trouble associating printed letters with the sound of speech. A similar problem occurs in congenitally deaf people who have mastered the linguistic complexities and subtleties of sign language but have trouble learning to read.
Evidence also exists suggesting that the root cause for much dyslexia is a problem with processing very rapidly changing sensory stimuli.For example,studies have shown that dyslexic children have trouble making accurate distinctions between similar auditory signals.They often cannot hear the difference between speech sounds such as "pah","dah",and "bah". Recently,differences have been noted between the visual pathways pf dyslexics and those of non-dyslexics that suggest a comparable problem with fast changing visual stimuli. Researchers have also found several other neuroanatomical abnormalities in the temporal lobe and in the other areas of the brain. All of these studies are extremely valuable in helping researchers understand the mechanisms underlying reading problems so that dyslexic children can be accurately identified and more efficiently helped.
17. What is the main purpose of the passage?
A. to change current ideas about dyslexia
B. to explore the causes of dyslexia
C. to determine between dyslexia and congenital deafness
D. to take example of dyslexia behavior
18. This passage would be most interest to ....
A. children
B. writers
C. educators
D. scientists
19. The author compares the problems of dyslexic children with ....
A. dyslexic adults
B. the subtleties of sign language
C. the visual pathways of other dyslexics
D. the problems of congenitally deaf people
20. In line 9 The word "distinctions" could be best replaced with ....
A. similarities
B. experiences
C. imaginations
D. differences
Text 5
In North America there are two forms of bison, the plains bison and the woodland bison. The plains bison once ranged from Pennsylvania and Georgia to the Rockies, north to the edge of the Canadian forest, and south onto the central plateau of Mexico. The bison has a great tolerance to cold. When blizzards rage across the North American prairie, bison lower their heads and face directly into the storm. In winter the vegetation on which these animals feed may be hidden beneath a deep blanket of snow; however, this does not present a problem, for the bison use their hooves and massive heads to clear away the snow and then feed on the grasses below. Bison are strong survivors and have few predators except for humans, who reduced their population to the point at which, around 1900, there were fewer than a thousand plains bison left. However, with protection and careful breeding they have been brought back to the point where their numbers can be multiplied at will. Large herds presently range on both government and private lands where they are protected. Other endangered species need the same planning and protection.
21. What is the topic of the passage?
A. the diversity of climates in America
B. national parks of north America
C. cold-blooded animals of the Southwestern desert
D. the endangered grizzly of North America
22. Where would Bison be found during severe winter storm?
A. Seeking shelter behind boulders
B. In the open
C. in caves
D. Behind trees
23. It can be concluded from the passage that ....
A. Bison will eventually be extinct
B. Bison are more fragile than they appear
C. The Bison population can be controlled
D. Bison were native to a limited territory
24. The word "their" in line 10 refers to ....
A. numbers
B. predators
C. humans
D. plains bison
25. "...Large herds presently range on both government..."
What does the underlined word mean?
A. move about
B. cook on a store
C. drive a long distance
D. surround
Sekian latihan soal reading comprehension tes bahasa Inggris PKN STAN. Semoga bisa menjadi gambaran akan tipe -tipe soal yang sering muncul khususnya dalam bagian soal reading.
Oya, soal latihan juga tersedia dalam Quizizz lho, format soal tryout dengan jumlah 30 butir soal dengan penskoran yang sama, sangat menarik untuk dicoba.
PKN STAN masih mendominasi jumlah pendaftar sekolah kedinasan terbanyak. Dengan jumlah pendaftar yang membludak, persaingan pun akan semakin berat. Karenanya, berbagai strategi mesti dipersiapkan untuk bisa diterima di sekolah kedianasan tersebut. Cara yang pertama dan utama adalah dengan menyelesaikan soal- soal ujian masuknya dengan baik, artinya, meraih nilai diatas passing grade dan masuk dalam pe-ranking-an sesuai dengan jumlah kuota yang ditetapkan.
Salah satu mata uji yang dites-kan adalah tes bahasa Inggris (TBI). Sejak 2018 lalu, soal bahasa Inggris PKN STAN terdiri dari 30 (tiga puluh) soal dengan materi grammar (structure and written expression) dan reading text dengan moda Computer Assisted Test (CAT). Soal structure and written expression dan reading text memiliki tipe soal yang berbeda. Soal structure and written expression lebih ke penguasaan grammar praktis sedangkan soal reading text lebih ke pemahaman teks baik secara makna maupun konteks. Untuk soal tipe structure and written expression, bisa dilihat pembahasan materi- materi dan contoh soal melalui blog ini pada menu halaman atas TBI PKN STAN.
Soal teks untuk reading comprehension dalam soal- soal USM PKN STAN biasanya diambil dari berbagai sumber baik website tertentu ataupun dari sumber lain yang relevan misalnya jurnal ilmiah. Sebelum masuk ke dalam soal latihan, berikut ini akan dibahas tentang strategi menyelesaikan soal reading tes bahasa Inggris (TBI) PKN STAN.
Menentukan Main Idea
Dalam setiap pertanyaan reading, soal yang paling sering muncul adalah tentang menentukan ide utama dalam teks. Main idea/ ide utama merupakan ide yang paling penting dalam sebuah teks atau tentang apakah teks tersebut. Setiap teks memiliki ide utama subordinate. ide utama lebih umum dari supporting ide atau detail dalam sebuah bagian teks.
Ide utama kadang muncul di awal paragraf akan tetapi bisa juga muncul di tengah atau akhir paragraf.
Ketika ide utama dalam sebuah teks itu tidak jelas karena setiap paragraf memiliki poin utama yang berbeda, maka pertanyaan seputar topik utama akan biasa muncul. Berikut ini contoh dari pertanyaan menentukan ide utama,
What is the main idea of the passage?
What is the main idea expressed in the passage?
What does the passage mainly discuss?
With what topic is the passage mainly concerned?
The main topic of the passage is ....
Contoh soal PMB STAN 2017
Tesla, a Serbian by parentage, began working for the phone company in Budapest. In 1882, he headed for Paris, where he took a job with the Continental Edison Company. He was invited to work stateside after his supervisor wrote a recommendation praising the young man as a genius on par with Edison himself. While he hired Tesla, Edison thought the man's ideas were “splendid” but “utterly impractical.” Edison relied heavily on tedious experimentation for most of his discoveries, a commitment which some historians attribute partially to his lack of formal education. Tesla, in contrast, was an emotionally driven dreamer with years of engineering training, which allowed him to work out theories before physically implementing them. Later in life, each man publicly criticized the other’s work.
At the same point, Tesla insisted that he could increase the efficiency of Edison’s prototypical dynamos, and eventually wore down Edison enough to let him try. Edison, Tesla later claimed, even promised him $50,000 if he succeeded. Tesla worked around the clock for several months and made a great deal of progress. When he demanded his reward, Edison claimed the offer was a joke, saying, “When you become a full-fledged American, you will appreciate an American joke.” Edison offered a $10/week raise, instead. Ever prideful, Tesla quit, and spent the next few months picking up odd jobs across New York City.
Edison's least favorite of Tesla's impractical ideas was the concept of using alternating current (AC) technology to bring electricity to people. Edison insisted that his own direct current (DC) system was superior, in that it maintained a lower voltage from power station to consumer, and was therefore safer. But AC technology, which allows the flow of energy to periodically change direction, is more practical for transmitting massive quantities of energy, as is required by a large city, or hub of industry, say. At the time, DC technology only allowed for a power grid with a one-mile radius from the power source. The conflict between the two methods and their masters came to be known as the War currents. In the end, AC won out. Mostly. Westinghouse fulfilled Tesla’s dream of building a power plant at Niagara Falls to power New York City, and built upon its principles the same system of local power grids we use today
What is the main idea of the passage?
A. The rivalry between Tesla and Edison
B. The superiority of AC system
C. The invention of AC and DC system
D. The biography of Nikola Tesla
Pembahasan :
Jawaban terbaik adalah (A), The rivalry between Tesla and Edison, karena mengkombinasikan poin utama pada paragraf pertama, kedua dan ketiga.
Strategi Menjawab Main Idea:
Main idea tidak selalu muncul pada kalimat pertama dalam sebuah paragraf atau passage. Itu bisa muncul di tengah atau di akhir sebuah paragraf atau passage.
Ketika ide utama tidak jelas dalam suatu paragraf karena setiap paragraf memiliki poin utama, maka kombinasikan semua poin utama setiap paragraf untuk mendapatkan main idea.
Jawaban untuk main idea harus berkaitan dengan keseluruhan dari teks tersebut, bukan salah satu bagian saja, artinya bagian tersebut disebutkan dalam setiap paragraf yang terdapat dalam teks tersebut.
Biasanya, pilihan jawaban yang salah, terdiri dari beberapa opsi ;
Pernyataan benar, akan tetapi hanya terdapat pada satu bagian paragraf saja.
Pernyataan yang terlalu umum
Pernyataan yang berbeda dengan pernyataan yang dinyatakan dalam teks.
Pertanyaan Detail
Pertanyaan detail (detail questions) menanyakan tentang informasi spesifik dalam sebuah teks. Detail questions biasanya dimulai dengan pertanyaan,
According to the passage, ....
Untuk menjawab pertanyaan detail, gunakan kata kunci atau kata tertentu dalam pertanyaan. Gunakan teknik scanning dan temukan kata kunci dalam setiap paragraff dalam teks. Saat kata kunci ditemukan, bacalah seluruh kalimat lengkap sampai menemukan informasi yang tepat.
Perlu diketahui juga bahwa jawaban yang benar atau kata kunci yang ditemukan tidak selalu merupakan kata yang sama, tetapi bisa merupakan persamaan kata atau sinonim atau parafrase dari sebuah kalimat.
Contoh : Eugene O'Neill was a well-known dramatist, yang dalam teks bisa ditemukan pernyataan yang memiliki makna yang sama yaitu, his plays won him fame.
Pertanyaan detail (Stated Details Questions)
Tipe pertanyaan ini menanyakan tentang detail pertanyaan dalam teks. beberapa pertanyaan yang menyatakan pertanyaan ini adalah seperti,
According to the passage ....
It is stated in the passage ....
The passage indicates that ....
Which of the following is true...?
Contoh soal PMB STAN 2017
Tesla, a Serbian by parentage, began working for the phone company in Budapest. In 1882, he headed for Paris, where he took a job with the Continental Edison Company. He was invited to work stateside after his supervisor wrote a recommendation praising the young man as a genius on par with Edison himself. While he hired Tesla, Edison thought the man's ideas were “splendid” but “utterly impractical.” Edison relied heavily on tedious experimentation for most of his discoveries, a commitment which some historians attribute partially to his lack of formal education. Tesla, in contrast, was an emotionally driven dreamer with years of engineering training, which allowed him to work out theories before physically implementing them. Later in life, each man publicly criticized the other’s work.
At the same point, Tesla insisted that he could increase the efficiency of Edison’s prototypical dynamos, and eventually wore down Edison enough to let him try. Edison, Tesla later claimed, even promised him $50,000 if he succeeded. Tesla worked around the clock for several months and made a great deal of progress. When he demanded his reward, Edison claimed the offer was a joke, saying, “When you become a full-fledged American, you will appreciate an American joke.” Edison offered a $10/week raise, instead. Ever prideful, Tesla quit, and spent the next few months picking up odd jobs across New York City.
Edison's least favorite of Tesla's impractical ideas was the concept of using alternating current (AC) technology to bring electricity to people. Edison insisted that his own direct current (DC) system was superior, in that it maintained a lower voltage from power station to consumer, and was therefore safer. But AC technology, which allows the flow of energy to periodically change direction, is more practical for transmitting massive quantities of energy, as is required by a large city, or hub of industry, say. At the time, DC technology only allowed for a power grid with a one-mile radius from the power source. The conflict between the two methods and their masters came to be known as the War currents. In the end, AC won out. Mostly. George Westinghouse, an inventor, entrepreneur, and engineer who had himself been feuding with Edison for years fulfilled Tesla’s dream of building a power plant at Niagara Falls to power New York City, and built upon its principles the same system of local power grids we use today
According to the text, which one is the advantage of DC system?
A. It maintains a lower voltage from power station to consumer
B. It allows for a power grid with a one-mile radius from the power source
C. It is more practical for transmitting massive quantities of energy
D. It is more economical to be applied.
Pembahasan :
Yang merupakan keuntungan dari sistem DC adalah tepat pada pilihan jawaban A, It maintains a lower voltage from power station to consumer, dinyatakan dalam kalimat kedua paragraf ketiga.
Pertanyaan detail tentang What is Not (Unstated Details)
Tipe pertanyaan ini menanyakan tentang pernyataan apa yang tidak benar dalam teks. Biasanya pertanyaan ini menggunakan kata NOT atau EXCEPT dalam huruf kapital. Contoh pertanyaan yang sering muncul adalah sebagai berikut,
Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?
According to the passage, all of the following are true, EXCEPT....
Which one is NOT TRUE ...
Contoh soal PMB STAN 2017
Tesla, a Serbian by parentage, began working for the phone company in Budapest. In 1882, he headed for Paris, where he took a job with the Continental Edison Company. He was invited to work stateside after his supervisor wrote a recommendation praising the young man as a genius on par with Edison himself. While he hired Tesla, Edison thought the man's ideas were “splendid” but “utterly impractical.” Edison relied heavily on tedious experimentation for most of his discoveries, a commitment which some historians attribute partially to his lack of formal education. Tesla, in contrast, was an emotionally driven dreamer with years of engineering training, which allowed him to work out theories before physically implementing them. Later in life, each man publicly criticized the other’s work.
At the same point, Tesla insisted that he could increase the efficiency of Edison’s prototypical dynamos, and eventually wore down Edison enough to let him try. Edison, Tesla later claimed, even promised him $50,000 if he succeeded. Tesla worked around the clock for several months and made a great deal of progress. When he demanded his reward, Edison claimed the offer was a joke, saying, “When you become a full-fledged American, you will appreciate an American joke.” Edison offered a $10/week raise, instead. Ever prideful, Tesla quit, and spent the next few months picking up odd jobs across New York City.
Edison's least favorite of Tesla's impractical ideas was the concept of using alternating current (AC) technology to bring electricity to people. Edison insisted that his own direct current (DC) system was superior, in that it maintained a lower voltage from power station to consumer, and was therefore safer. But AC technology, which allows the flow of energy to periodically change direction, is more practical for transmitting massive quantities of energy, as is required by a large city, or hub of industry, say. At the time, DC technology only allowed for a power grid with a one-mile radius from the power source. The conflict between the two methods and their masters came to be known as the War currents. In the end, AC won out. Mostly. George Westinghouse, an inventor, entrepreneur, and engineer who had himself been feuding with Edison for years fulfilled Tesla’s dream of building a power plant at Niagara Falls to power New York City, and built upon its principles the same system of local power grids we use today
Which one is NOT TRUE about Nikola Tesla?
A. He worked for Edison's company
B. He built a power plant at Niagara Falls
C. He had a better educational background than Edison
D. He worked out theories before physically implementing them
Pembahasan :
Pilihan A, bukan jawaban yang benar, karena sesuai dengan pernyataan pada paragraf pertama kalimat ketiga. Pilihan B, juga bukan jawaban yang benar karena disebutkan pada paragraf ketiga kalimat terakhir. Pilihan D, dinyatakan dalam paragraf pertama, kalimat keenam "Tesla, in contrast, was an emotionally driven dreamer with years of engineering training, which allowed him to work out theories before physically implementing them.
Pilihan C, tidak diesbutkan dalam teks, sehingga merupakan jawaban yang paling benar.
Strategi Menjawab Detail Questions
Tentukan kata kunci dalam pertanyaan
Pilih metode skimming untuk mencari kata kunci yang relevan dalam teks
Jawaban dari detail questions biasanya merupakan re-statement atau apa yang dinyatakan kembali dalam teks
Pada pertanyaan what is not dalam teks, pilihlah pernyataan yang salah atau tidak benar yang disebutkan dalam teks.
Pertanyaan Reference dan Vocabulary
Pertanyaan reference menanyakan tentang kata- kata rujukan dalam teks, seperti kata ganti (pronoun) "they" "them","it", dll.
Contoh Soal PMB STAN 2017
Pertanyaan rujukan The word its in line 23 refers to ....
A. New York City
B. Power Plant
C. AC system
D. The combination of AC and DC principles
Pembahasan :
Pilihan yang benar adalah B, "its"menggantikan Power Plant
Pertanyaan vocabulary The word tedious in line 5 is closest in meaning to ....
A. diverse
B. dull
C. dynamic
D. tenacious
Pembahasan :
Pilihan jawaban yang paling tepat adalah B, dull, kata tedious berarti membosankan. Kata diverse berarti berbeda, kata dynamic berarti dinamis, dan kata tenacious berarti gigih.
Strategi menjawab pertanyaan Reference dan Vocabulary
Dalam menjawab pertanyaan rujukan, berhati- hatilah terhadap noun didekat kata rujukan tersebut.
Kata- kata rujukan bisa muncul sebagai kata benda (noun) atau frase kata benda (noun phrase)
Substitusikan kata rujukan terhadap kata benda yang ditemukan dalam teks apakah kata tersebut cocok atau tidak.
Dalam pertanyaan vocabulary, bila tidak dapat menjawab pertanyaan secara konteks, cobalah menebak kata berdasarkan konteks dalam kalimat dengan mencari klue- klue tertentu.
Kadang- kadang arti dari sinonim kata tersebut merupakan parafrase dari kata tertentu.
Pahami makna kata tersirat sehingga kata tersebut bis muncul setelah memahami isi bacaan.
Pertanyaan Inference
Pertanyaan inference bisa dikatakan sebagai pertanyaan dengan jawaan yang sulit dalam soal reading. Jawaban atas pertanyaan ini tidak langsung dinyatakan dalam paragraf teks akan tetapi bisa saja secara tersirat. Berikut ini contoh pertanyaan reference,
Which of the following can be inferred about...?
What can be inferred from the passage?
From the passage it can be inferred that ....
The passage implies that ....
The author implies that ....
The passage suggests that ....
It is most probable that ....
Untuk menjawab pertanyaan inference, kita mesti menyimpulkan fakta- fakta yang dinyatakan dalam teks.
Contoh soal PMB STAN 2017
Tesla, a Serbian by parentage, began working for the phone company in Budapest. In 1882, he headed for Paris, where he took a job with the Continental Edison Company. He was invited to work stateside after his supervisor wrote a recommendation praising the young man as a genius on par with Edison himself. While he hired Tesla, Edison thought the man's ideas were “splendid” but “utterly impractical.” Edison relied heavily on tedious experimentation for most of his discoveries, a commitment which some historians attribute partially to his lack of formal education. Tesla, in contrast, was an emotionally driven dreamer with years of engineering training, which allowed him to work out theories before physically implementing them. Later in life, each man publicly criticized the other’s work.
At the same point, Tesla insisted that he could increase the efficiency of Edison’s prototypical dynamos, and eventually wore down Edison enough to let him try. Edison, Tesla later claimed, even promised him $50,000 if he succeeded. Tesla worked around the clock for several months and made a great deal of progress. When he demanded his reward, Edison claimed the offer was a joke, saying, “When you become a full-fledged American, you will appreciate an American joke.” Edison offered a $10/week raise, instead. Ever prideful, Tesla quit, and spent the next few months picking up odd jobs across New York City.
Edison's least favorite of Tesla's impractical ideas was the concept of using alternating current (AC) technology to bring electricity to people. Edison insisted that his own direct current (DC) system was superior, in that it maintained a lower voltage from power station to consumer, and was therefore safer. But AC technology, which allows the flow of energy to periodically change direction, is more practical for transmitting massive quantities of energy, as is required by a large city, or hub of industry, say. At the time, DC technology only allowed for a power grid with a one-mile radius from the power source. The conflict between the two methods and their masters came to be known as the War currents. In the end, AC won out. Mostly. George Westinghouse, an inventor, entrepreneur, and engineer who had himself been feuding with Edison for years fulfilled Tesla’s dream of building a power plant at Niagara Falls to power New York City, and built upon its principles the same system of local power grids we use today
What can be inferred from the text?
A. George Westinghouse and Nicola Tesla were best friend
B. George Westinghouse has invented the generator that we use today
C. George Westinghouse admired Edison's work
D. George Westinghouse rarely agreed with Edison Pembahasan :
Jawaban A merupakan jawaban yang salah karena tidak ada statemen yang mendefinisikan atau mengimplikasikan pernyataan tersebut. Jawaban B, juga bukanlah jawaban yang tepat. Tidak ada pernyataan yang menyebutkan statemen tersebut. Jawaban C, jawaban yang salah, dalam teks disebutkan bahwa Westinghouse dan Edison berselisih. Jawaban D, merupakan jawaban yang tepat karena mengimplikasikan pernyataan yang tepat bahwa Westinghouse dan Edison berselisih dengan kata "rarely agreed" dalam pernyataan.
Strategi menjawab Pernyataan Inference
Memahami informasi dalam teks
Menuliskan kesimpulan atau implikasi pernyataan dalam teks
Jawaban dari pernyataan tidak selalu dinatakan dalam kata-kata atau frase dan kalimat dalam teks.
Memilih jawaban yang benar- benar tersirat dalam teks secara logis dan benar
Pertanyaan tujuan penulis (Questions on Main Purpose)
Model perrnyataan ini adalah menanyakan tujuan penulis menulis teks ini. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan ini, kita bisa menuliskan konklusi yang diambil dari ide utama dan detail- detail informasi tertentu dari teks. Berikut beberapa contoh pertanyaan seputar tujuan penulis.
What is the author's main purpose in the passage?
The author's purpose in writing is to ...
Why did the author write the passage?
Adapun jawaban untuk pertanyaan ini dimulai dengan bentuk infinitive seperti
to discuss
to mention
to persuade
to summarize
to compare
to describe
to tell how
to distinguish
to illustrate
to advise
to criticize
to explain
Strategi menjawab pertanyaan tujuan
Perhatikan pada main idea dalam topik kalimat dan detail informasi yang mendukung ide utama
Tuliskan konklusi tentang tujuan penulis
Contoh soal PMB STAN 2017
Also known as Hutchinson-Gilford Syndrome, Progeria is an extremely rare genetic disease. In this disease the aging process of the body accelerates mush faster than what is does in normal human. This process of aging gallops to about seven times the normal rate. Because of this, a child of ten years would have a look of 70 years old. he or she may also have similar respiratory, cardiovascular, and arthritic conditions that a 70-year-old would have. There is no cure for this disease. The exact cause is unknown, but it is believed due to a single abnormal (mutant) gene. Normally for each gene there are two copies, one from each parent. Progeria considered to be result of a dominant mutation because the gene in question has one normal copy and one abnormal copy, as opposed to a recessive mutation in which both copies are abnormal. Because neither parent carries or expresses the mutation, each case is believed to represent a sporadic new mutation which happiness at the time of conception. also known as Hutchinson-Gilford Syndrome, Progeria is an extremely rare genetic disease. In this disease the aging process of the body accelerates mush faster than what is does in normal human. This process of aging gallops to about seven times the normal rate. Because of this, a child of ten years would have a look of 70 yyears old. he or she may also have similar respiratory, cardiovascular, and arthritic conditions that a 70-year-old would have. There is no cure for this disease. The exact cause is unknown, but it is believed due to a single abnormal (mutant) gene. Normally for each gene there are two copies, one from each parent. Progeria considered to be result of a dominant mutation because the gene in question has one normal copy and one abnormal copy, as opposed to a recessive mutation in which both copies are abnormal. Because neither parent carries or expresses the mutation, each case is believed to represent a sporadic new mutation which happiness at the time of conception. Progeria affects between 1 in 8 million (approx.) children, with a total reported incidence of just 100 in the century since it has been identified. There are currently between 30 and 40 known cases worldwide of Progeria. Children from all races and cultures from around the world have been affected.
Because of the lack of specific laboratory test at this time, the diagnosis must be based on the physical appearance of the individual. The diagnosis is usually made in the first or second year of life when skin changes and failure to gain weight become apparent.
The author's main purpose in the passage is to ....
A. show the cause of Progeria Syndrome
B. state the result of Progeria Syndrome research
C. give the samples about the spread of Progeria Syndrome
D. give explanation of Progeria Syndrome
Pembahasan :
Pilihan jawaban yang paling tepat adalah pada pilihan D, tujuan dituliskannya teks ini adalah memberikan penjelasan akan Progeria Syndrome. Penutup
Demikian pembahasan dan strategi lengkap soal Reading TBI PKN STAN. Semoga ulasan ini bermanfaat bagi adik- adik yang akan mendaftar PKN STAN tahun ini. Untuk latihan soal reading, silahkan klik pada link soal- soal latihan reading TBI PKN STAN materi terbaru dan terupdate 2020. atau klik halaman pada menu TBI PKN STANuntuk materi soal structure grammar.
Salam Sukses selalu.
Sumber referensi tulisan :
Buku Longman Complete Course for the TOEFL Test
Buku The Heinle & Heinle TOEFL Test Assistant Reading
